What is diabetes? 什么是糖尿病?
Diabetes (糖尿病 /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiː.tiːz/) is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin ( 胰岛素 /ˈɪn.sə.lɪn/）or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose （血糖）. Hyperglycaemia （高血糖/ˌhaɪ.pɚ.ɡlaɪˈsiː.mi.ə/）, also called raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. （from who.int）
糖尿病是一种慢性疾病，当胰腺不能产生足够的胰岛素或当身体不能有效地利用它产生的胰岛素时就会发生。胰岛素是一种调节血糖的激素。高血糖，也被称为高血糖或血糖升高，是糖尿病不受控制的常见症状，随着时间的推移，会对身体的许多系统造成严重损害，尤其是神经和血管。
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose （血糖）, also called blood sugar, is too high. Glucose （葡萄糖） is your body’s main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but glucose also comes from the food you eat.
糖尿病是一种当你的血糖过高时发生的疾病。葡萄糖是你身体能量的主要来源。你的身体可以制造葡萄糖，但葡萄糖也来自你吃的食物。
Insulin （胰岛素）is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin, or doesn’t use insulin properly. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells （细胞）.
胰岛素是胰腺分泌的一种激素，它能帮助葡萄糖进入细胞，转化为能量。如果你患有糖尿病，你的身体不能产生足够的胰岛素，或者没有胰岛素，或者不能正确使用胰岛素。这个时候葡萄糖就会停留在血液中，不会到达细胞。
Diabetes raises the risk for damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Diabetes is also linked to some types of cancer. Taking steps to prevent or manage diabetes may lower your risk of developing diabetes health problems. （niddk.nih.gov/）
糖尿病会增加眼睛、肾脏、神经和心脏受损的风险。糖尿病还与某些类型的癌症有关。采取措施预防或控制糖尿病可以降低患糖尿病健康问题的风险。
Type 1 diabetes 1型糖尿病
Type 1 diabetes 1型糖尿病 (previously known as insulin-dependent （胰岛素依赖型）, juvenile or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin （注射胰岛素）. In 2017 there were 9 million people with type 1 diabetes; the majority of them live in high-income countries. Neither its cause nor the means to prevent it are known. （from who.int）
1型糖尿病(以前称为胰岛素依赖型，青少年或儿童期发病)的特点是胰岛素分泌不足，需要每天注射胰岛素。2017年，全球有900万人患有1型糖尿病;他们中的大多数生活在高收入国家。其原因和预防方法都不为人所知。
Type 2 diabetes 2型糖尿病
Type 2 diabetes （2型糖尿病）affects how your body uses sugar (glucose) for energy. It stops the body from using insulin properly, which can lead to high levels of blood sugar if not treated.
2型糖尿病会影响你的身体使用糖(葡萄糖)作为能量的方式。它会阻止身体正常使用胰岛素，如果不及时治疗，就会导致高血糖。
Over time, type 2 diabetes can cause serious damage to the body, especially nerves and blood vessels （血管）.
随着时间的推移，2型糖尿病会对身体造成严重损害，尤其是神经和血管。
Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics （遗传）.
2型糖尿病通常是可以预防的。导致2型糖尿病的因素包括超重、缺乏足够的运动和遗传。
Early diagnosis is important to prevent the worst effects of type 2 diabetes. The best way to detect diabetes early is to get regular check-ups （定期体检）and blood tests （验血）with a healthcare provider.
早期诊断对于预防2型糖尿病的最坏影响非常重要。早期发现糖尿病的最好方法是与医疗保健提供者进行定期检查和血液测试。
Symptoms （症状） of type 2 diabetes can be mild. They may take several years to be noticed. Symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, after complications have already arisen. （（from who.int））
2型糖尿病的症状可能很轻微。它们可能需要几年的时间才能被注意到。症状可能与1型糖尿病相似，但通常不那么明显。因此，这种疾病可能在发病数年之后，在并发症已经出现之后才被诊断出来。
Type 2 Diabetes Prevention 2型糖尿病的预防
Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
生活方式的改变是预防或延缓2型糖尿病发病的最好方法。
To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should:
为了帮助预防2型糖尿病及其并发症，人们应该:
reach and keep a health body weight
stay physically active with at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise each day
eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat （饱和脂肪）
not smoke tobacco. （from who.int）
达到并保持健康的体重
每天至少进行30分钟的适度运动
吃健康的饮食，避免糖和饱和脂肪
不要吸烟。
Diagnosis and treatment 诊断和治疗
Early diagnosis （早期诊断） can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive testing of blood glucose （血糖测试）. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin injections （注射胰岛素）for survival.
早期诊断可以通过相对便宜的血糖检测来完成。1型糖尿病患者需要注射胰岛素才能生存。
One of the most important ways to treat diabetes is to keep a healthy lifestyle （健康的生活方式）.
治疗糖尿病最重要的方法之一是保持健康的生活方式。
Some people with type 2 diabetes will need to take medicines to help manage their blood sugar levels （血糖水平）. These can include insulin injections or other medicines. Some examples include:
一些2型糖尿病患者需要服用药物来帮助控制血糖水平。这些包括胰岛素注射或其他药物。一些例子包括:
- metformin 二甲双胍
- sulfonylureas 磺酰脲类药物
- sodium-glucose co-transporters type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2型(SGLT-2)抑制剂。
Along with medicines to lower blood sugar, people with diabetes often need medications to lower their blood pressure and statins（他汀类药物） to reduce the risk of complications.
除了降糖药物，糖尿病患者通常还需要降压药物和他汀类药物来降低并发症的风险。
Additional medical care may be needed to treat the effects of diabetes:
可能需要额外的医疗护理来治疗糖尿病的影响:
- foot care to treat ulcers （溃疡）
- screening （筛查） and treatment for kidney disease
- eye exams to screen for retinopathy （视网膜病变 /ˌret.ənˈɑːp.ə.θi/） (which causes blindness).
- 足部护理治疗溃疡
- 肾脏疾病的筛查和治疗
- 筛查视网膜病变(导致失明)的眼科检查。
