Gallstones /ˈɡɔːl.stəʊn/ 胆结石
Gallstones are hard, pebble-like pieces of material, usually made of cholesterol or bilirubin, that develop in your gallbladder. When gallstones block your bile ducts, they can cause sudden pain, which means you need medical attention right away. If left untreated, they can cause complications. （NIDDK)
胆结石是一种坚硬的鹅卵石状物质，通常由胆固醇或胆红素组成，在胆囊中形成。当胆结石阻塞你的胆管时，它们会引起突然的疼痛，这意味着你需要立即就医。如果不及时治疗，它们会引起并发症。
bile 胆汁；bile salt 胆盐
Bile salts help with the digestion of fats. They also help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Bile and bile salts are made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder between meals. In addition to bile salts, bile contains cholesterol, water, bile acids, and the pigment bilirubin.
胆盐有助于脂肪的消化。它们还有助于身体吸收脂溶性维生素，如维生素A、D、E和k。胆汁和胆汁盐在肝脏中产生，在两餐之间储存在胆囊中。除了胆盐，胆汁还含有胆固醇、水、胆汁酸和胆红素。
bilirubin /ˌbiliˈruː.bin/ 胆红素
Certain conditions cause your liver to make too much bilirubin, including liver cirrhosis, biliary tract infections and certain blood disorders. The excess bilirubin contributes to gallstone formation. Your gallbladder doesn’t empty correctly.
某些情况会导致肝脏产生过多的胆红素，包括肝硬化、胆道感染和某些血液疾病。过量的胆红素会导致胆结石的形成。你的胆囊没有正常排空。
triglyceride /traiˈɡlis.ə.raid/ 甘油三酯 ；hypertriglyceridemia [haipɜ:traiglisərai’di:miə] 高甘油三酯
Triglycerides and gallstone formation. Changes in bile acid (BA) metabolism and gallbladder function are critical factors in the pathogenesis of gallstones. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) – often overweight and insulin resistant – are at risk for gallstone disease.
甘油三酯和胆结石的形成。胆汁酸(BA)代谢和胆囊功能的改变是胆结石发病的关键因素。患有高甘油三酯血症(HTG)的患者-通常是超重和胰岛素抵抗-有胆结石疾病的风险。
What causes gallstones? 什么导致胆结石?
What causes gallstones? Gallstones may form if bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts. Researchers do not fully understand why these changes in bile occur. Gallstones also may form if the gallbladder does not empty completely or often enough. (NIDDK)
什么导致胆结石?如果胆汁中含有过多的胆固醇、胆红素或胆盐不足，则可能形成胆结石。研究人员并不完全了解胆汁发生这些变化的原因。如果胆囊排空不完全或不够频繁，也可能形成胆结石。
What are the symptoms of gallstones? 胆结石有什么症状?
What are the symptoms of gallstones?
Steady, severe pain in the upper abdomen that increases rapidly and may last from 30 minutes to several hours.
Pain in the back between the shoulder blades.
Pain in the right shoulder.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Fever.
Chills.
Jaundice. A yellowing of the skin or eyes.
胆结石有什么症状?
上腹部稳定、剧烈的疼痛，迅速加重，可能持续30分钟至数小时;
肩胛骨之间的背部疼痛;
右肩疼痛;
恶心想吐;
呕吐;
发热;
发冷;
黄疸。发黄皮肤或眼睛发黄.
How are gallstones diagnosed? 如何诊断胆结石?
Gallstones can usually be confirmed using an ultrasound scan, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of the body. 胆结石通常可以通过超声波扫描来确诊，这种扫描使用高频声波来创建身体内部的图像。
An MRI scan may be carried out to look for gallstones in the bile ducts. This type of scan uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. MRI扫描可用于寻找胆管中的胆结石。这种类型的扫描使用强磁场和无线电波来产生身体内部的详细图像。
A cholangiography uses a dye that shows up on X-rays. The dye may be injected into your bloodstream or directly into your bile ducts during surgery, or by using an endoscope passed through your mouth. After the dye has been introduced, X-ray images are taken. They’ll reveal any abnormality in your bile or pancreatic systems.
胆管造影使用一种能在x射线上显示的染料。染料可以注射到你的血液中，也可以在手术中直接注射到胆管中，或者通过口腔内窥镜注射。在注入染料后，拍摄x射线图像。它们会显示出你的胆汁或胰腺系统是否有异常。
What is the most common treatment for gallstones? 胆结石最常见的治疗方法是什么?
Cholecystectomy (胆囊切除术) is surgery to remove your gallbladder. It is the only treatment option to cure symptomatic gallstones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common procedure instead of a traditional, open procedure.
胆囊切除术是切除胆囊的手术。这是治疗症状性胆结石的唯一选择。腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy)是最常见的手术，而不是传统的开腹胆囊切除手术。
Any non-surgical treatment of gallstones? 胆结石有非手术治疗吗?
Any non-surgical treatment of gallstones?
The main modalities for nonsurgical treatment of gallbladder stones include oral dissolution therapy with bile acids, and percutaneous cholecystostomy and stone extraction. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is used in rare situations. 非手术治疗胆囊结石的主要方式包括胆汁酸口服溶出治疗和经皮胆囊造口取石术。体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)在少数情况下使用。
