What is Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) ？ 什么是免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)？
immune： 这里指身体的免疫系统
Thrombocytopenic：血小板减少的 （ˌθrɑːm.boʊ.saɪ.t̬əˈpiː.nɪk ˈ）
idiopathic：特发性，原发的，自发的，原因不明的疾病 （ˌɪd.i.əˈpæθ.ɪk/）
thrombocytopenia： 血小板减少（症）(ˌθrɒmbəʊˌsaɪtəʊˈpiːnɪə)
Purpura ：紫癜 （由皮下出血引起的紫色或红色瘀伤）（ˈpɝː.pjɚ.ə/）
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) （免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP), also known as idiopathic （特发性）thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia （血小板减少症）, is a type of thrombocytopenic purpura （血小板减少性紫癜） characterized by a low platelet （血小板/ˈpleɪt.lət/）count in the absence of other causes, and accompanied by a red-purple rash called purpura （紫癜ˈpɝː.pjɚ.ə ）. It leads to an increased risk of bleeding. ITP manifests in two distinct clinical syndromes: an acute form observed in children, and chronic conditions observed in adults. The acute form often follows an infection and typically resolves within two months, while chronic immune thrombocytopenia persists for longer than six months and its specific cause is unknown.
免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)，也称为特发性血小板减少性紫癜或免疫性血小板减少症，是一种血小板减少性紫癜，其特征是在没有其他原因的情况下血小板计数低，并伴有红紫色皮疹，称为紫癜。这会增加出血的风险。ITP表现为两种不同的临床综合征:在儿童中观察到的急性形式和在成人中观察到的慢性情况。急性形式通常在感染后，通常在两个月内消退，而慢性免疫性血小板减少症持续时间超过6个月，其具体原因尚不清楚。
ITP is considered an autoimmune disease （自身免疫性疾病）, as antibodies against several platelet surface structures (antigens) can be detected. Immune thrombocytopenia happens when your immune system clears your platelets from circulation and your platelet level goes down. In some cases, ITP goes away on its own or with treatment. Other times, immune thrombocytopenia is a chronic condition, which means symptoms can be treated, but not cured. People with chronic ITP may need treatment for the rest of their lives. （from en.wikipedia.org）
ITP被认为是一种自身免疫性疾病，因为可以检测到针对几种血小板表面结构(抗原)的抗体。当你的免疫系统清除循环中的血小板，血小板水平下降时，就会发生免疫性血小板减少症。在某些情况下，ITP会自行消失或通过治疗消失。其他时候，免疫性血小板减少症是一种慢性疾病，这意味着症状可以治疗，但不能治愈。慢性ITP患者可能需要终生治疗。
备注：免疫性血小板减少紫癜即是血液病，又是自身免疫性疾病。
What causes Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) ？ 造成免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的原因？
Immune thrombocytopenia （免疫性血小板减少症） happens when your immune system makes antibodies that mistakenly identify your cells as being invaders, and then direct other immune cells to attack your platelets. When something damages or cuts your blood vessels, platelets swarm the damaged area, sticking together to make a blood clot that stops bleeding (primary hemostasis 止血[ˌhi:mə’steɪsɪs] ). Experts don’t know what triggers the immune system attacks on platelets. （from clevelandclinic.org）
当你的免疫系统产生抗体错误地将你的细胞识别为入侵者，然后引导其他免疫细胞攻击你的血小板时，就会发生免疫性血小板减少症。当有东西损坏或割伤你的血管时，血小板聚集在受损区域，粘在一起形成血栓，止血(原发性止血)。专家们不知道是什么触发了免疫系统对血小板的攻击。
What’s the treatment for immune thrombocytopenia? 免疫性血小板减少紫癜的治疗方法是什么?
Often, children with immune thrombocytopenia have mild symptoms and don’t need treatment, but most adults will. If you do need treatment, your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to boost your platelet count （血小板计数） or keep your immune system from attacking your platelets （血小板）. Medications may include:
通常，患有免疫性血小板减少紫癜的儿童症状轻微，不需要治疗，但大多数成年人需要治疗。如果你确实需要治疗，你的医疗保健提供者可能会开一些药物来增加你的血小板计数或防止你的免疫系统攻击你的血小板。药物可能包括:
Corticosteroids （皮质类固醇） to temporarily block the antibodies that destroy platelets.
Immunoglobulin （免疫球蛋白） or thrombopoietin receptor agonists ( 血小板生成素受体激动剂) to boost your platelet production.
Immunosuppressants (免疫抑制剂) to suppress your immune system.
皮质类固醇可以暂时阻断破坏血小板的抗体。
免疫球蛋白或血小板生成素受体激动剂促进血小板生成。
免疫抑制剂抑制你的免疫系统。
