What’s the function of pancreas? 胰腺的功能是什么?
The pancreas ( 胰腺 /ˈpæŋ.kri.əs/ ）has dual roles – it is an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine （内分泌 /ˈen.də.krin/）system. The exocrine ( 外分泌）pancreas produces enzymes （酶/ˈen.zaim/ ）that help to digest food, particularly protein. The endocrine pancreas makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels.
胰腺有双重作用——它是消化系统和内分泌系统的一个器官。外分泌的胰腺产生有助于消化食物的酶，尤其是蛋白质。内分泌胰腺分泌胰岛素，帮助控制血糖水平。
What is pancreatitis? 什么是胰腺炎?
Pancreatitis （胰腺炎 /ˌpæŋ.kri.əˈtai.t̬əs/） is the redness and swelling (inflammation) of the pancreas. This happens when digestive juices or enzymes attack the pancreas. The pancreas lies behind your stomach on the left side of your belly. It is close to the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum) ( 十二指肠 /ˌduː.əˈdiː.nəm/）。
胰腺炎是胰腺的红肿(炎症)。当消化液或消化酶攻击胰腺时，就会发生这种情况。胰腺位于胃的后面，在腹部的左侧。它靠近小肠的第一部分(十二指肠)。
Two types of pancreatitis: acute and chronic. 胰腺炎有两种类型
Acute pancreatitis
Acute (急性） pancreatitis is a temporary condition. It happens when your pancreas is attempting to recover from a minor, short-term injury. Most people with acute pancreatitis will recover completely in a few days with supportive care: rest, hydration and pain relief. However, a very severe case of acute pancreatitis can cause serious health complications （并发症）, some of them life-threatening. （from levelandclinic.org）
急性胰腺炎
急性胰腺炎是一种暂时性疾病。当你的胰腺试图从轻微的短期损伤中恢复时，就会发生这种情况。大多数急性胰腺炎患者会在几天内通过支持性护理完全康复:休息、补水和缓解疼痛。然而，非常严重的急性胰腺炎病例会导致严重的健康并发症，其中一些会危及生命。
Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic （慢性病）pancreatitis is a long-term, progressive condition. It doesn’t go away and gets worse over time. It happens when the injury or damage to your pancreas never stops. Chronic pancreatitis will eventually do lasting damage to your pancreas, although it may take many years. Constant inflammation （炎症）causes scarring （纤维化）of your pancreas tissues ( 纤维化 fibrosis), which stops them from making enzymes （酶/ˈen.zaim/ ）and hormones. (from levelandclinic.org)
慢性胰腺炎
慢性胰腺炎是一种长期的进行性疾病。它不会消失，而且会随着时间的推移变得更糟。当你的胰腺受到伤害或损害时，它就会发生。慢性胰腺炎最终会对你的胰腺造成持久的损害，尽管这可能需要很多年的时间。持续的炎症会导致胰腺组织瘢痕(纤维化)，从而阻止它们产生酶和激素。
What causes pancreatitis? 胰腺炎的病因是什么?
The most common causes of pancreatitis include:
Alcohol abuse
Lumps of solid material (gallstones) found in the gallbladder （胆囊）. Gallstones （胆结石） block the pancreatic duct so the enzymes can’t get out of the pancreas.
胰腺炎最常见的原因包括:
1.酗酒；
2.胆结石阻塞胰管，使酶不能排出胰腺。
What are the symptoms of pancreatitis? 胰腺炎的症状是什么?
Each person’s symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include:
Severe belly pain that may spread to your back or chest (it may feel worse after you eat)
每个人的症状可能不同。症状可能包括:
严重的腹痛可能会扩散到你的背部或胸部(吃完后可能会感觉更糟)
Nausea （恶心想吐）
Vomiting
Rapid heart rate
Fever
Swelling and feeling sore or tender in your upper belly
Fluid buildup in your belly
Lowered blood pressure
Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) （from hopkinsmedicine.org）
恶心想吐
呕吐
心率加快
发热
上腹部肿胀，感觉疼痛或柔软
你肚子里有液体积聚
降低血压
皮肤和眼睛发黄(黄疸)
How is pancreatitis diagnosed? 胰腺炎如何诊断?
You may have some blood tests （验血）done. You may also have some imaging tests （影像检查）including:
你可以做一些血液检查。您还可以进行一些影像学检查，包括
Belly X-ray. Makes images of internal tissues, bones, and organs.
Ultrasound (B超 also called sonography). Uses sound waves to see the internal organs of the belly. It also checks how blood is flowing through different blood vessels.
EUS (超声内镜检查 endoscopic ultrasound). This is an internal type of ultrasound done through a flexible tube (endoscope 内视镜 /ˈen.doʊˌskoʊp/) inserted through the mouth while you are sleeping.
ERCP or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （内镜逆行胰胆管造影术）. This is used to find and treat problems in your liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It uses X-ray and a long, flexible tube with a light and camera at one end (an endoscope). The tube is put into your mouth and throat. It goes down your food pipe (esophagus), through your stomach, and into the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). A dye is put your bile ducts through the tube. The dye lets the bile ducts be seen clearly on X-rays.
CT scan (computed tomography scan). This imaging test shows detailed images of any part of the body such as the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than regular X-rays.
MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography 磁共振胰胆管造影). This uses MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to make detailed images of your pancreas, gallbladder, and pancreatic and bile ducts. A dye is shot (injected) into your vein so that the images can be seen more clearly. （from hopkinsmedicine.org）
Treatment for Pancreatitis 胰腺炎的医治
Acute pancreatitis
Mild acute pancreatitis usually goes away in a few days with rest and treatment. If your pancreatitis is more severe, your treatment may also include:
急性胰腺炎
轻度急性胰腺炎通常在休息和治疗几天后就会消失。如果你的胰腺炎更严重，你的治疗还可能包括:
Surgery. Your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the gallbladder, called cholecystectomy （胆囊切除术）, if gallstones cause your pancreatitis. Having surgery within a few days after you are admitted to the hospital lowers the chance of complications. If you have severe pancreatitis, your doctor may advise delaying surgery to first treat complications （并发症）.
手术：如果胆结石引起胰腺炎，你的医生可能会建议手术切除胆囊，称为胆囊切除术。入院后几天内做手术可以降低并发症的发生几率。如果你有严重的胰腺炎，你的医生可能会建议推迟手术，先治疗并发症。
Procedures. Your doctor or specialist will drain fluid in your abdomen if you have an abscess （脓肿 /ˈæb.ses/）or infected pseudocyst （假性囊肿 pseudocyst ）NIH external link, or a large pseudocyst causing pain or bleeding. Your doctor may remove damaged tissue from your pancreas.
医疗程序：如果你有脓肿或感染的假性囊肿，或引起疼痛或出血的大假性囊肿，你的医生或专科医生会在你的腹部排出液体。你的医生可能会从你的胰腺中移除受损组织
Chronic pancreatitis
Treatment for chronic pancreatitis may help relieve pain, improve how well the pancreas works, and manage complications. Your doctor may prescribe or provide the following:
慢性胰腺炎的治疗可能有助于减轻疼痛，改善胰腺的功能，并控制并发症。你的医生可能会开处方或提供以下药物:
Medicines and vitamins. Your doctor may give you enzyme pills to help with digestion, or vitamins A, D, E, and K if you have malabsorption（吸收不良）. He or she may also give you vitamin B-12 if you need them.
药物和维生素：你的医生可能会给你一些酶药片来帮助消化，如果你有吸收不良，医生可能会给你一些维生素A、D、E和K。如果你需要的话，他或她也会给你维生素B-12。
Treatment for diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis may cause diabetes （糖尿病）. If you get diabetes, your doctor and health care team will work with you to create an eating plan and a routine of medicine, blood glucose （血糖）monitoring, and regular checkups.
治疗糖尿病。慢性胰腺炎可能导致糖尿病。如果你患有糖尿病，你的医生和健康护理团队将与你一起制定饮食计划和日常用药、血糖监测和定期检查。
Surgery. Your doctor may recommend surgery to relieve pressure or blockage in your pancreatic duct, or to remove a damaged or infected part of your pancreas. Surgery is done in a hospital, where you may have to stay a few days. （from niddk.nih.gov/）
手术：你的医生可能会建议手术来缓解胰管的压力或堵塞，或者切除胰腺受损或感染的部分。手术是在医院进行的，你可能需要在那里呆几天。
